The Gallaghers – An Early History
By the late Fr. P. Gallagher, former President of
the Donegal Historical Society
(Direct translation from Gaelic)
The Gallaghers
The “O’Gallaghers are the senior and most royal family of all
the Kinel-Connell”1 That is what the
folklore scholar, John O’Donavan said more than a hundred years
ago. And there is little research (taighde) in print about the
Gallaghers from the time of O’Donavan until today except for the
work of Fr. Paul Walsh and Fr. Aubrey Gwynn S.J.2
This essay is but an attempt make all the information that can
be collected on the Gallaghers available for the readers of this
publication. The path of this ancient family is followed from
the times of the High Kings to Donegal of the 17th
century. It is difficult to sort them out after that, because
there were so many Gallaghers! That is no surprise, because
today this name is of the most common in Donegal and the 12th
most common in Ireland as a whole.
This essay is written in three sections:
I The Descendants of Maelcobha.
II The Annals of the Gallaghers.
III Expounding the Genealogy of the Gallaghers (e.g.
Craobhscaoileadh).
I am greatly indebted to Niall O’Donnell, a man of learning for
all the great help he gave me.
-
P. Ó Gallacháir
I. Descendants of Maelcobha
It was Conall Gulban, son of the High King, Niall of the Nine
Hostages, who gave his name to Tir Connell i.e. County Donegal
today. (Trans. note – Not quite accurate as Co. Donegal includes
Inish Eoghain which would have been seen pre 1600 A.D. as
separate from Tir Connell). Séanna, son Fergus Cheann fhada
(trans. - long head) was a grandson descendant of Conall. And
from Séanna, two lines of the Conall family descended from
Séanna: Cinéal Aínmhireach (descendants of Aínmhireach) from
Ainmhire, son of Séanna and Cinéal Lughach from Lughaidh the son
of Séanna.
The O’Gallaghers, O’Cannons and Maoldory’s (or Dorrians?) were
belonging to the Cinéal Aínmhireach. The Dalaigh (or O’Donnells),
The O’Boyles and the O’Dohertys belonged to Cinéal Lughach.
From the time of Ainmhire himself (who died in 569 A.D.) until
almost 1200 Tir Conaill was ruled by the Cinéal Lughach. Then
the Dalaigh or O’Donnells came to the front and they kept the
chieftainship until the English took control of the heritage of
the Conal Gulban.
According to folklore Ainmhire was the first from Cineal Conaill
to become High King of Ireland, and his son Hugh (d. 598) was
the second – he was the man who gave his name to Tir Hugh in the
south of Donegal. 3
Genealogy of the Gallaghers – A.
Descendants of
Maolcobha and the Gallaghers
MAOLCOBHA (+ 615) son of Aodha Ceannfhada
son of Ainmhireach
I
Ceallach (+658)
Donall
I
Donncha
Rurai
I
Ruarcan
I
GALLCHOBHAIR
I
Manus
I
Donncha
I
Amhlaibh
I
Donall
I
Diarmaid
I
Aodh
I
Maolruanai
I
Nioco1
I
Donncha
I
Ferghal
I
Aodh
I
Giolla Choimdhe, the monk
This genealogy tree is the same as those to be found among the
manuscripts in the
RIA, esp., 23 D 17 (“O’Clery Genealogies, Analecta Hibernica, 18
p. 14 – 16; 23 p1, folio 157 (Mac Firbisigh’s) 23 M 17, folio
106; 23 M4, folio 188. St. Eunan, Vita Columbae (ed. W.
Reeves), between p.342 – 3)
The family of Donal V., the family of Maelcobha: Hugh’s two sons
were also High Kings – Maelcobha (612 – 615), the third son and
Donal (628 – 642), the most famous son. Not surprisingly among
highborn Gaels, you would expect a tough fight between the
Maelcobha family and that of Donal in order to retain power.
And that’s exactly what happened. At first, the game went with
the family of the elder, when Ceallach and Conall Caol (two sons
of Maelcobha) came to power after the death of Donal at Ard
Fothaidh in Tir Hugh. But this didn’t put a stop to the family
of Donal. They fought the family of Maelcobha, but Ceallach and
Conall Caol beat them at Dún Creamhanáin at the mouth of the
Erne, in 650. Aongus, son of Donal died that day.
4
But as this intercine war was continued, the story changed and
person after person of the Maelcobha family fell and finally the
High Kings themselves, Conall Caol (d.6540) and Ceallach (d.
658). From that year until 1377, there is only one mention of
the descendants of Maelcobha in the Annals! From then the
Cineall Ainmhire and Tir Connell itself was controlled by the
line of Donall. From this line came three more High Kings –
Loingseach (696 – 703), the son of Aongus, who fell that day at
Dún Creamhanain and Congal Chinn Mhaghair (705 – 710),
descendant of Donall himself, and Flaitheartach (728 – 734), son
of the above Loingseach, the last of the High Kings from the
Cineall Conaill line. From this line (that of Donal) came the
chieftains of Tir Conaill up to almost the 13th
century – the O’Cannons and the Maoldoráighs.
5
And what happened to the defeated family of Maelcobha. As the
old saying goes: “The man that is uppermost, is toasted (in
drink), the man that is down is given a kick”.
The line of Maelcobha was definitely kicked at after that. The
propagandists did not bother with them, there is no mention of
them in the Annals, and not a thing by the bards (poets) about
them. They were a totally forgotten group from the time they
were put out of power. But as with other high-borns the senior
family of the Cinéal Conaill had family pride going for them.
They remembered, they sustained and they kept the family
genealogy. With implements like this, and other scraps of
knowledge about them, we can clear off some of mist of the
mystery of the Race of Maelcobha.
The Race of Maelcobha and Colmcilles Kinsfolk
One grandson of Maelcobha’s was the most exalted of all, I
suppose, who descended from him. That was “Big Donncha, son of
Cinn Faoladh (Wolfhead?), son of Maelcobha, without perversion,
Maelcobha, the picture of health, son of Hugh, son of Ainmhire.”
This holy monk was the only one of the Ainmhire Kin that was
named among the saints of Ireland. 7
He also was the only person in the early ages of that tribe, who
was the Successor of Colmcille and Eunan (the 11th
one) on the Island of Iona. (710 – 717), though most were
descendants of Conal. 8
The Feast of St. Donncha was celebrated by the old Gaels of
Donegal and Scotland on the 25th May, the day he died
1n 717. 9
In relation to Iona itself, another Colmcille, a modern day
monk, is truly correct, when he says:
“It is true say that in the Christian world there is no other
more famous island that the small windswept island on the North
Western edge of Europe. Because it is from there that
Christianity spread throughout Northern Scotland and Northern
England. The island of Iona was once the principle seat of
learning and faith in Scotland and Ireland and in all Great
Britain. .” 10
Therefore it can be understood that the Successor of Colmcille
was famous and all powerful like the Primate of Ireland and
Scotland together. He was the President of all the monasteries
in Ireland and Scotland that were under the Columban System.
All the monks of this system were called the “Columban
Brotherhood” (Muintir Colmcille). It was the Abbot of Iona who
the successor in the abbacy. He would select him, not only from
all the Columban monks but from his own relations. We read in
the Seanchas Mhor ( trans. - a collection of ancient of Irish
law-tracts) that the abbot should be selected from the family
group of the founder. 11 Therefore most
of the abbots belonged to the descendants of Maelcobha.
But it wasn’t only the descendants of Maelcobha who came to
power in the Church when they failed to keep temporal power.
The same story is also true of many others of royal blood: from
the descendants of Feilmidh, brother of Séanna and Colmcille’s
own father, descended the O’Friels, successors of Kilmacrennan;
from the descendants of Colm, son of Séanna, came (St.) Eunan
and the Hereditary Stewarts of the Church lands of Raphoe, who
gave their name to the township that is there to the present day
– Muintir Tinne (or in English Muntertinny).
12 Later the chieftains of Fanad, the
Breslins, were ousted from the chieftainship, and they continued
as hereditary stewards of the church lands of Inishkeel.
13 The MacLaughlins were overthrown from the
Kingdom of Tyrone at the Battle of Caimeirghe __________
(1241). They continued on as hereditary land stewards in
Inishowen (of Moville and of (Teampall Maol))…… in the parish of
(Chluain Chatha) ……. And in Derry itself.
14
The Descendants of Maelcobha and the Gallaghers: My own notion
is that the descendants of Maelcobha survived likewise and their
association continued with the Church and the churches of Cinéal
Chonaill from the time of Colmcille and Eunan. We have little
evidence to prove this opinion because we have little knowledge
of the history of the Church in Tir Conaill before the coming of
the English. But we have a few (signs) straws in the wind, as
we might say, in the lives after Holy Donncha. Dónall son of
Ceallaigh, son of Maelcobha was the cousin of the same abbot.
15 There is no mention of him of course in the
Annals. As Niall O’Donnell says: “In the old days, the people
who were down, they were down”. 16
But there was another reason for the silence that befell the
annalists in those days in relation to the descendants of
Maelcobha. Four generations directly after the above mentioned
Donal, son of Ceallach, another man of the Maelcobha descent
lived in the 9th century. 17
It was during this time that the Vikings including the
Scandanavians, Danes and other foreigners were attacking Ireland
and the Gaels (Irish) were trying to keep them out. Despite all
this: this man of Maelcobhan descent got friendly with the
foreigners/norsemen that came ashore in his own area in
Donegal. We do not know what was the reason for this, but it’s
likely my man did some kindness to the import. Did he save
someone from the sea? Did he make a marriage alliance with them?
18 Maybe that is the reason he baptised his son
with a foreign name, Manus. We do not know. But, because of
the connection he had with the Vikings he was given a nick name
(we do not know his baptism name) that stayed with his people
right until today: Gall-chobhair, i.e. the man who helped the
foreigners was the nick name he was given. 19
It is likely that his neighbours were down on him and also his
relations from the line of Donall who were fighting the Vikings
in those days. Not surprising, there would be little mention of
the man or his descendants who were known as Muntir Gallchobhair
– The Kinsmen of Gallagher.
We do not know exactly where Gallagher himself was living. But
Tir Hugh got its name from Hugh, son of Ainmhire. Donal, son of
Hugh had his stronghold at Ard Fothaidh.
_________________________, the place where he died.
20 And it looks as if Maelcobha himself was also
living in Tir Hugh. You would think, therefore, that Tir Hugh
was the native land of the Kin of Ainmhire. Therefore you would
expect the first Gallagher to be living in South Donegal close
to the coast, the place where he first met the Vikings. From
the first few odd mentions of the Gallaghers, it appears this
was true.
In 1022, the Four Masters tell us of the death of Maelcobha
Ó’Gallagher, Abbot of Skreen of Eunan – an old church in the
parish of Skreen, Co. Sligo today. 21
And this Skreen had a connection with the Kineal Conaill from
the time of St. Colmcille and St. Eunan. Around about the first
part of the 14th century lived Giolla Choimdhe
(trans. Giolla = attendant, Choimdhe = security i.e. security
attendant). Ó’Gallchobhair, the monk and it seems likely that
he had some connection with the Monastery of Asseroe, near
Ballyshannon. 22 We know that the Clan
of Toimilín O’ Gallagher was Hereditary Stewards of Kilbarron
before the O’Clearys, who were put in as stewarts in the time of
Meanman Mhic Carmacáin. (1484 – 1514) 23
And then you had the Kin of Cormac Bhuí (Yellow) O’Gallagher as
Stewards of Conwal of the Swilly (trans. - near Letterkenny).
24 And as the historical sources
increase in the 15th and 16th centuries we
get more knowledge of the Gallaghers. We know that they got a
tight grip on the Church in Donegal in those days.
25 There is many an abbot and bishop – both good
and bad - who came from the line of old Maelcobha. They would
not have been able to come to the fore in the Church as quickly
as that if they did not have the background - background of
birth and educational background at least. And who in those
days had education but the high born and the hereditary
stewards. From those especially came the Irish Ecclesiastics.
In 1940, Fr. Paul Walsh said that there wasn’t much importance
connected to the Gallaghers before the second half of the 14th
century. 26 But you would think that he especially
should know that that was not true. Because two years earlier
(1938) this eminent historian edited “Craebhscaoileadh Cloinne
Dálaigh” (trans. - the O’Donnell Genealogy…. 27
Like other lords, the O’Donnells only made marriages with high
born. Amongst them, according to the Genealogy was the
Gallaghers: It was the daughter of O’Gallagher who was the
mother of the first Niall Garbh O’Donnell, Lord of Tir Conaill.
(1342 – 48). 28 Niall Garbh himself
married, for the second time, the daughter of Gallagher of
Inishowen and Niall Garbh II married, for the third time, to the
daughter of the son of Art O’Gallagher. 29
We can witness from this that there were chieftains of
O’Gallaghers early in the 13th century at least.
They were important enough at that early stage to marry with the
Kings of Tir Conaill. That is proof that the Gallaghers didn’t
just arrive overnight but they were of the old high class
families of Donegal.
II The Gallaghers in the Annals.
(Trans. - The Annals were the old Gaelic histories usually laid
out by year)
The references below to the Gallaghers were taken from published
annals. I wasn’t able to examine on those not in print e.g. TCD
LS H.1.7. There is no reference to this family in it (as far as
I can make out from my efforts), but of the four of the annals
that have been published, of course there is more mention of
them to be found in the Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland (ARE)
that John O’Donavan edited, than in the others – 53 in all.
Thirty in the Annals of Lough Key (ALC). W. M. Hennessy had
published in 1871: 24 in the Annals of Connacht (AConn) A. M.
Freeman edited, 1944 and 22 of them in the Annals of Ulster (AU)
that two learned men (W. M. Hennessy and B. McCarthy) published
(1887 – 95). All references from the Annals are laid out below;
the year first, the information to be found in the entry and
finally the sources (Capitals as above), the volume and the page
of the entry.
1022
Maelcobha O’Gallchobhair, the abbot of St. Eunan’s in Skreen,
died. ARE, ii, 802.
1377
Donal, the son of Feargal, son of Gallagher the monk, died. ARE,
iv, 666 / AU, ii, 560
1388
Muircheartach, son of Donal, son of Muircheartach O’Connor went
against the encampment of O’Donnall near Assaroe and a lot of
people close to the O’Boyles and close to the O’Gallaghers and
their followers were killed in this attack. AConn, 358 / ARE,
iv, 710
1420
O’Gallagher was given the bishopric of Raphoe. ARE, iv, 846
1431
Conall, son of Neachtain (Naughton) O’Donall came to Tir Hugh
raiding Mac an Ultaigh (son of the Ulsterman); and the
O’Gallaghers and the McNultys caught him and Conall was killed
with the shot of an arrow. ARE, iv. 884
1436
O’Neill and Maguire went attacking in Tir Hugh. They did great
raiding and rustling and audacious deeds. Sean Kilmartin, i.e.
Maguire’s door keeper was killed in the pursuit i.e. by the
family of Thoimilin O’Gallagher. AU, iii, 140
1438
The Bishop of Raphoe, Lochlann O’Gallagher died. ARE, iv, 910,
iii, 141.
1450 30
Bishop O’Gallagher died… Donncha O’Gallagher, the successor of
St. Eunan died. ARE, iv, 966, 970
1457
Toirdhealbhach, son of Donall O’Gallagher, i.e. son of
O’Gallagher was killed along with Philip Maguire on the
mountains of Cinéal Luacháin, (le G.) by the son of the
Chieftain. AU, iii, 194.
1470
O’Donnell and O’Rourke brought a crowd with them to Croaghan to
get O’Rourke made king. O’Reilly and the English and the
Household of Donncha ambushed them at Ballyconnell. And Eamon,
son of Hugh O’Reilly and the son of the Bishop O’Gallagher were
killed. AConn, 550, ARE, iv, 1068.
1494 31
O’Donnell, i.e. Red Hugh, son of Niall Garbh was living in Sligo
Castle at the end of the summer and the beginning of the Autumn
of this year. And Eoghan, son of Cormac the Rock O’Gallagher
and William O’Gallagher, i.e. the son of Eamonn, son of Donncha
(or Donal) son of Lochlann O’Gallagher, were killed by the
people of the Castle. ARE, iv, 1210, AU, iii, 382.
It was the kin of Donncha O’Gallagher who captured Séan, son of
Eoghan, son of Neill Garbh O’Donnell, a learned man, a gentleman
in his own right and who gave him to Conn, son of Red Hugh. And
it was Conn who hung him without friends.
AConn, 596, ALC, ii, 190
1497
This year Eigneachan, son of Neachtain, son of Toirdhealbhaigh
of the Wine O’Donnell was killed in the stronghold of O’Donnell
himself i.e. Red Hugh, by Conn, son of O’Donnell i.e. son of Red
Hugh and (le. G.) with? by Séan, son of Manus, son of Aonghus
O’Gallagher. And eight or nine other good Donegal men as well-a
son of Thoirdhealbhaigh Ghallda O’Donnell i.e. Eoghan…. and
Feilimi, son of the Giolla Dubh O’Gallagher and Thoirdhealbhaigh,
son of Cathail, son of Giolla Dubh O’Gallagher… ARE, iv, 1230,
AU, iii, 414
(Tran
U1497.20)
Ua Domnaill, namely, Conn, went with a large
host against Mac Diarmata of Magh-Luirg, namely, Tadhg, son of
Ruaidhri Mac Diarmata. Great defeat was inflicted on Ua Domnaill
then and many hostages were exacted from the host and from Ua
Domnaill, including the two Mac Suibnes, namely, Mac Suibne of
Fanat (that is, Ruaidhri) and Mac Suibne of Tir-Bagaine,
namely, Eogan and inclusive of Donchadh, son of Ua Domnaill, who
is called Donchadh of the Thumbs, and the two sons of Tuathal Ua
Gallchobair, namely, Eogan and Toirdelbach and two sons of
Domnall Mac Suibne of Fanat, namely, Eogan and Domnall junior
and two sons of the Mac Suibne of Tir-Bagaine, namely,
Niall and Eogan the Red and Gerald, son of Domnall, son of
Feidlimidh Ua Dochartaigh and the physician of Ua Domnaill,
namely, the son of Eogan Ultach. And many other persons were some taken and
some slain there. The 9th of the
Kalends of October Sep. 23 that defeat was given. And the
Cathach of Colum-cille was wrested from them then and its
steward was slain in that defeat. And many more of the
Conallians were some taken and some slain
there. (
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001C/index.html )
O’Neill, i.e. Young Henry, son of Henry, son of Eoghan went with
a big force to Fanad this year, and they did great destruction
in Fanad at first. And Young O’Donnell i.e. Conn, son of Red
Hugh attacked the host after they left Fanad, i.e. at Beal Atha
Dara…… And they defeated O’Donnell there and he himself was
killed along with eigth score (160?) others…. These were the
gentlemen who were killed beside O’Donnell that morning… Donal,
son of Tuathail O’Gallagher, Eamonn, son of Donncha, son of
Tomaltaigh O’Gallagher and William, son of the Bishop
O’Gallagher. ARE, iv, 1234, AU, iii, 424
1498
Donncha, son of O’Donnell and two sons of Tuathail O’Gallagher
were freed from their captivity… Máine, son of Maoileachlainn,
son of Mather, son of Manus (McManus) was killed. ALC, 202, ARE,
v, 1262, AU, iii, 460
Maine, son of Maelsceclainn, son of Mathew Mac Maghnusa was
slain this year in the Fialáin Family Hut, by the family of
Cathal O’Gallagher. ARE, iv, 1246; AU, iii, 426
1502
Two abbots who were long contesting the abbacy of Assaroe,, i.e.
Art, the son of the Bishop O’Gallagher and Eoin O’Loiste died
within two full days of one another and it is said that the
second died from delight… AConn, 606
1513
Eoghan O’Mally came with crews of three ships to the Killybegs
Bay at night and they wrecked the country on this outing…. A
young fellow of the MacSweeneys, i.e. Brian, and the family of
Brian, son of the Bishop O’Gallagher captured them… and Eoghain
O’Malley and four score (80) others were killed. ARE, v, 1322,
AU, iii, 510
1522
O’Donnell convened an assembly of his most faithful in Tir
Conaill i.e. O’Boyle, O’Doherty, the three McSweeney and the
O’Gallaghers. ARE, v, 1352
O’Neill pretended to turn in Tyrone and go by the Derg and to
the Tearmannaibh (G)……… and he came to Tir Hugh and he burned
and spoiled a lot of the country and he captured Ballyshannon
Castle and he killed a lot of people in it… scion son of
O’Donnell, son of the Bishop O’Gallagher and more of his kin.
AU, iii, 540
1524
Seamus, son of Brian Maine O’Gallagher, selector for the abbacy
of Carrick, died. AConn, 650, ALC, ii, 244
1527
Donal, son of the Bishop O’Gallagher was killed by some of the
kin of Aonghus O’Gallagher…. O’Donnell, Hugh, son of Red Hugh
went on an expedition to Connacht…. A good horseman, yellow Hugh
son of the Dualtaigh O’Gallagher was killed on that expedition
in (Bealach Bhui)… Manus O’Donnell went looking for plunder in (Gleann
Fheile)……… from Hugh Bhui O’Donnell. He took the plunder with
him and two of his family horsemen were killed i.e. son of Donal,
son of Fheilim, son of young Aonghus O’Gallagher and the son of
Brian (Chaoich). ARE, v, 1390; AConn, 622, 644: ALC, ii, 258,
260 / AU, iii, 564, 566.
1528
O’Gallagher, i.e. Toirdhealbhach, son of Tuathail died….. AU,
iii, 572
1531
Toirdhealbach, son of Donncha, son of Brian, son of Philip
Maguire were killed by one blow of a spear by a horseman of the
O’Gallaghers…… ARE, v, 1406, AU, iii, 580
O’Gallagher, i.e. Eamonn, son of Eoin, son of Tuathail, died
suddenly… AConn, 684, ALC, ii, 284, ARE, v, 1416, AU, iii, 592
1536
Between Dhuibh and Drobhaois, O’Boyle was suddenly killed by a
band of the line of the Bishop O’Gallagher. AConn, 692, ALC,
ii, 294, ARE, v, 1428, AU, iii, 610.
1537
War between Hugh Bhui O’Donnell and Manus O’Donnell and the
O’Boyles…… some of the Bishop O’Gallagher line, i.e. son of
__________ Toirdhealbhaigh son of Brian and two sons of Eoghain
Ballagh, son of Brian along with plenty more. AConn, 700, ALC,
ii, 306, ARE, v, 1436
1538
The Deacon, son or Art, son of Lochlann O’Gallagher died. AU,
iii, 620.
1540
The family of William, son of the Bishop O’Gallagher i.e. Young
William, and Hugh Gruama (Gloomy) (the man who killed O’Boyle in
the year 1536) were killed by the O’Boyles i.e. Donal and
Toirdhealbhach. AConn, 714, ALC, ii, 322, ARE, v, 1456
AU, iii, 628
1541
Tuathal Balbh (Mute) son of Sean, son of Ruraí O’Gallagher, a
wiseman, a person who had the interest of the sovereignty of
Donegal at heart, died on the 1st February. A man of
valour and prowess, though he neither killed nor destroyed
anyone. But he did not go into a fight nor a battle without
taking a prisoner. The reason for this was that when he was
young and listening to a sermon by the monks of Donegal (Abbey)
he heard it said that a person could not save their soul if he
was killing people and drawing blood. Therefore he decided not
to injure anyone, something he kept as long as he was alive.
AConn, 718, ALC, ii, 328; ARE, v, 1464
1543
Eamonn, son of Brian, sone of the Bishop O’Gallagher (Eamonn who
was) the Bishop of Raphoe died and there was much quarrelling
about his diocese. AConn, 728, ALC, ii, 338, ARE, v, 1478
O’Donnell forsook Lifford Castle to Cahir, son of Tuathaill
Bhailbh O’Gallagher and a group of the Hugh O’Gallaghers. They
captured the castle for Hugh, son of O’Donnell and for
themselves. They put out O’Donnells functionaries and the town
gate keeper. O’Donnell and the Calbhach were seeking the castle
from them and a lot of people and stock were killed and maimed
between them all. Donncha, son of O’Donnell was helping the
Hugh O’Gallaghers that time. Rúraí, son of O’Donnell,
Feardorcha, son of Eoin, son of Tuathail O’Gallagher and his
family and the son of Sean Ballagh, son of Eoin were captured by
Donncha, son of O’Donnell and Cahir, son of Tuathail Bhailbh
O’Gallagher.
After that, O’Doherty captured Cahir, son of Tuathail Bhailbh
and gave him over to O’Donnell. O’Donnell himself captured
Toirdhealbhach, son of Felim Finn O’Gallagher. He took the two
of them to Lifford in order to get the town back again but he
didn’t. AConn, 730-2; ARE, v, 1478
1544
The son of O’Donnell, i.e. the Calbhach (The Bald) took English
captains with their soldiers to Donegal. O’Donnell gave the
prisoners to the English. They attacked the town. One of the
foreigners was killed. Then the English killed Cahir, son of
Tuathail in his cell. Hugh O’Donnell and the Hugh (O’Gallaghers)
gave up the castle to have the son of Felim Finn and another son
of Tuathail Balbh freed and they left the country. AConn, 734,
ALC, ii, 342-3; ARE, v, 1486
1546
Donal the son of Black Hugh, son of Red Hugh was killed (20th
April) in a treachery by O’Gallagher i.e. Eoghan, son of Eamonn
and his wife, Onóra, daughter of Tuathail Balbh O’Gallagher,
after he was given an invitation to come to Inis Saimheir
(Peaceful Island?), on God’s redemption, and Mac AnBhaird (Ward)
i.e. Gofraí and Chonchoigchriche (Foreignhound ?) son of Diarmad,
son of Taidhg Chaim O’Cleary. ARE, v, 1494
1550
The abbot, i.e. of Assaroe, Eoin by name, son of Donal Rua
O’Gallagher died on the 29th of April. ARE, v, 1516
1557
Sean O’Neill gathered a very large force to attack Tir Conaill.
O’Donnell, i.e. Manus was in ill-health and in the care of his
own son i.e. the Calbhach, for two years previous and the
Calbhach himself in charge of the country. And his brother,
Hugh, with his followery was against him and in the company of ?
Sean O’Neill, his brother…. Sean O’Neill and his crowd captured
abodes and strongholds close to (Baile Aghaidh Chaoin).
At last, the forces of O’Neill were beaten. As for O’Neill,
nobody of his people followed him, but two of the kin of Hugh,
son of Manus O’Donnell with Donncha, son of Feilim Finn
O’Gallagher. ARE, v, 1550-6
1560
O’Gallagher, i.e. Eoghan, son of Eamonn, son of Eoin died. ARE,
v, 1582
1567
As for O’Neill, he escaped from this rout, i.e. Fearsad on the
Swilly, along the river and up until he came across close to
Sgairbh Sholais, with the experienced knowledge of the
O’Gallaghers. ARE, v, 1616
1570
Eighneachan, son of Hugh Bhui O’Donnell was killed in a
treachery and he coming back from assembly of the O’Donnells by
Feardorcha, son of O’Gallagher with his family and another group
of the line of Donncha O’Gallagher. ARE, v, 1636
1575
Rurai, son of Hugh (i.e. O’Donnell) son of Manus, son of Aodh
Dubh O’Donnell was killed in an accident in Donegal by Cahir,
son of Eoin, son of Tuathail O’Gallagher. ARE, v, 1680
1576
Toirdhealbhach, son of Tuathail Bailbh O’Gallagher, man of
wisdom and fire-eminence was killed by Connacht men on the 16th
November. ARE, v, 1684
1578
The son of O’Neill, i.e. Henry, son of Toirdhealbhaigh Luinigh,
went with a force to Donegal against the son of O’Gallagher i.e.
Maelcobha, son of Cahir, son of Young Toirdhealbhaigh. When the
force was away raiding the castle and plundering the town, it
happened that the son of O’Gallagher was outside the town, that
time. And he attacked the young man i.e. Henry and he killed
him with one throw of a spear. ALC, ii, 420, ARE, v, 1700
1580
Eoghan, son of Tuathail Bhailbh O’Gallagher, deacon of Raphoe,
died on 22nd October.
1581
A great disagreement developed between O’Donnell, i.e. Hugh, son
of Manus and the son of his brother i.e. Conn son of the
Calbhach son of Manu. And Conn went across to O’Neill, i.e.
Toirdhealbhach Luineach. O’Neill and Conn and a great force
came and captured an encampment at Cinn Tuathail, near Raphoe.
A ferocious battle was fought. O’Donnell and his settlement
were surrendered and a large number of his people were killed….
Fifteen of the MacSweeney of Boghaine Clan, and a large number
of the Fanad Tribe and of the O’Boyles: and a large number as
well of the O’Gallaghers as well as Feargal son of
Toirdhealbhaigh son of Tuathail Bailbh O’Gallagher…… ARE, v,
1764-8
1582
O’Gallagher was killed by O’Neill ALC, ii, 456
1584
The son of O’Gallagher i.e. the Feardorcha, son of Eoghain was
killed tragically …. Red Hugh son of O’Donnell and O’Gallagher
did a big cattle raid on Tadgh O’Rourke at Cnoc na Gaoithe. ALC,
ii, 458
1585
(Trans.
M1585.8)
A proclamation of Parliament was issued to the men of Ireland,
commanding their chiefs to assemble in Dublin precisely on
May-day, for the greater part of the people of Ireland were at
this time obedient to their sovereign; and, accordingly, they
all at that summons did meet in Dublin face to face.
M1585.9
Thither came the chiefs of Kinel-Connell and Kinel-Owen, namely,
O'Neill (Turlough Luineach, the son of Niall Conallagh, son of
Art, son of Con, son of Henry, son of Owen), and Hugh, the son
of Ferdoragh, son of Con Bacagh, son of Con, son of Henry, son
of Owen, i.e. the young Baron O'Neill, who obtained the title of
Earl of Tyrone at this Parliament; and O'Donnell (Hugh Roe, the
son of Manus, son of Hugh Duv, son of Hugh Roe, son of Niall
Garv, son of Turlough of the Wine); Maguire (Cuconnaught, the
son of Cuconnaught, son of Brian, son of Philip, son of Thomas);
O'Doherty (John Oge, the son of John, son of Felim, son of Conor
Carragh); O'Boyle (Turlough, the son of Niall, son of Turlough
Oge, son of Turlough More); and O'Gallagher (Owen, the son of
Tuathal, son of John, son of Rory, son of Hugh). (
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005E/index.html )
O’Gallagher, i.e. Eoin, son of Tuathail, son of Sean, son of
Rurai, son of Hugh. ARE, v. 1828
1586
ODonnell’s son i.e. Young Manus, son of Manus was killed by some
of the Donncha O’Gallaghers. ALC, ii, 470
1587
Red Hugh, son of O’Donnell, i.e. son of Hugh, son of Manus and
the son of Mac Sweeney, Fanad and the son of Eoghan, son of
Sean, son of Cormac BuíO’Gallagher were captured at Rathmullen
Bay by an English ship and taken to Dublin. ALC, ii, 482
1588
Niall Garbh O’Donnell, Hugh, son of the Deacon O’Gallagher
(Hugh, son of the Calbhach is his nick name) along with the
whole force of Calbhach and their followers, went across to
O’Neill i.e. Toirdhealbhach Luineach, against O’Donnell, i.e.
Hugh, son of Manus and the Earl of Tyrone i.e. Hugh O’Neill.
They were all at Castlefin at the time. Hugh, son of the Deacon
attacked the Earl and he got the better of him on the 1st
day of May….. Hugh son of the Deacon O’Gallagher (or Hugh, son
of the Calbhach) was killed by the Inion Dubh (Black Daughter),
daughter of James MacDonald, i.e. wife of O’Donnell (i.e. Hugh,
son of Manus). It happened that Hugh was coming to Magh
Gaibhlin the place where he resided and she asked her kin i.e.
the Scotsmen to kill him and they did as they were asked. Eight
more of his people were killed in the Crannog (a lake dwelling)
of Magh Gaibhlin….. Donal, son of O’Donnell and the kin of Hugh
O’Gallagher went attacking the clan of Cuinn, son of the
Calbhach. They killed the young Calbhach, son of Cuinn, son of
the Calbhach and they carried off cattle and horses….. O’Doherty,
i.e. Sean Óg, son of Sean, son of Feilim and O’Gallagher, i.e.
sir Eoin, son of Tuaithail Bhailbh were captured by the Justice
Fitzwilliam and they were taken to Dublin. ALC, ii, 482-6. ARE,
v, 1866-72
1589
O’Neill, i.e. Toirdhealbach Luineach, came at the behest of
Niall Garbh to attack Eoghan, son of the Deacon O’Gallagher and
they did much destruction. The O’Gallaghers and some of the
Sweeneys caught them but O’Neill escaped (?) from them. ALC, ii,
490
1590
Eoghan, son of the Deacon, died. ARE, vi, 1590
1592
There was a large number of the O’Gallaghers who did not come to
Kilmacrennan for the naming (as chieftain) of O’Donnell. ARE, v,
1928
1595
O’Gallagher, i.e. Sir Eoin, son of Tuathail, a man of renown and
eminence, among both English and Irish, died 25th
April. ARE, vi, 1986
1597
A disagreement arose between the brothers of Donegal and the
monks of Assaroe regarding the body of the Baron Inchequin (who
was killed at the Ford of Cuil Uaithne….. on the Erne). The
brothers and the monks, met in the presence of O’Donnell and the
two bishops who were in the area at the time i.e. Raymond
O’Gallagher, Bishop of Derry and Niall O’Boyle, Bishop of Raphoe.
He was buried in Donegal. ARE, vi, 2092
1599
James, son of Toirdhealbach son of Tuaithail was hung by
O’Donnell at Mullagh na Sithe above Assaroe on the 4th
March when it was judged that he was spying and reconnoitring on
O’Donnell and drawing the English into the area. ARE, vi, 2092
1601
Réamonn O’Gallagher, Bishop of Derry was killed by the English
in the O’Kane country on the 15th March. ARE, vi,
2238
1602
O’Gallagher, i.e. Eoghan son of Sean was keeping safe Ballymote
Castle for O’Donnell as long as he was in Munster. When Ruraí
returned to him, he gave up the castle to him. ARE, vi, 2326
1603
Eoghan, son of the Feardorcha O’Gallagher was killed…. Tuathail
son of the Deacon O’Gallagher was captured in Derry. ARE, vi
2344
Notes
1.
The Annals of Ireland, edited by S. O’Donavan (2nd
edition, Dublin, 1856, Volume 5, 1, 1873 note t.)
2. Paul Walsh, “Septs of
Muintear Ghallchubhair”, Irish Book Lover, xxvii, 3, May 1940.
Reprint in Irish Chiefs & Leaders (Dublin, 1960) p.206-215.
Rev. Aubrey Gwynn, S. J., The Medieval Province of Armagh
(Dundalk 1946) p. 197-209. It is said that the late Dr. Urr
Maguire wrote an article about the Gallaghers in the Derry
Journal in 1917 but I did not find it. “Chris” McDonagh founder
member of the Donegal Historical Society was collecting
information on this line as well before he died, as is clear
from the manuscripts he left behind him.
3.
“O’Cleary Genealogies” (editor S. Pender).
Analocta Hibernica, 18, (1951) p.2-3; AU; See Niall O’Donnell
“Talta Thir Chonaill” (The Lands of Donegal…trans) in the
Donegal Annual (1950) p.244-251.
4.
AU, ARE. Maelcobha, the High King and Maelcobha the
abbot were often mixed up, (See Clogher Record) (1971 –
2), 1, 383. The Kineal Conaill had a fort at Dun Creamhanáin at
the mouth of the Erne, close to Ballyshannon, opposite Inis
Saiméir, on the north side of the inlet. “Dungrevanan Fort” is
the English name today. O’Donavan is incorrect when he says
that this big battle between the line of Maelcobha and that of
Donall was at another Dun Creamhanáin at Binn Eadair (Howth?).
(ARE, second ed. Volume v, 1, 262 note C).
5.
Ibid.
There is uncertainty about the exact date of some of these
kings. See F.J. Byrne, Irish Kings and High Kings
(London, England 19730 p.275, 276, 283. According to ARE, the
O’Cannons gave at least twenty chieftains to the Kineal Conaill
between the years 941 and 1250. And at least seven of the
Maeldoraidhs were lords as well, between the years 960 and
1197. And there is no mention of either of them in the annals
after the death of the last lord in the year 1250.
6.
Peregrine O’Cleary, Naemsenchus nErenn (Irish
Texts, FASC, iii, 1931) p. 43.
7.
Genealogiae Regum et Sanctorum Hiberniae
(ed. Paul Walsh) Dublin 1918 p.40. The Genealogies of the
Kineal Conaill saints are p. 37-43.
8.
Eunan, Vita Columbae(editor W. Reeves) Dublin,
1857, 1, 379. See the table of genealogies of the abbots of
Iona, between p.342-3.
9.
See note 7
10.
Rev. Fr. Colmcille….. Deorai Chriost (Christ’s
Exile) (FÁS, Dublin 1960) p. 49-50.
11.
Ibid., p. 66-9
12.
O’Cleary Genealogies, (Analecta Hibernica, 18,
p.3; Eunan, Vita Coumbae, p. xii, 246, 281 and the
genealogy table between p.342-3: Inquisitioum Cancellarieae
Repertorium, ii, Appendix v - “Donagall”, columns e and g.
13.
Donegal Annual
(1960), 279. Note 34.
14.
Ibid,
p 275-6; Primate Colton’s visitation of Derry, ed. W.
Reeves (Dublin 1850) 1.30, Note e.
15.
Eunan, Vita Columbae, genealogy table between
p.342-3.
16.
Op.cit.,
p. 247
17.
O’Cleary Genealogies, 1.14
18.
See Poem by Flann MacLonain (d.896) in relation to a
marriage (settlement) between Éigneachán (Ignasius?) King of Tir
Conaill (d.906) and the Foreigners in E. O’Curry, Manner and
Customs of the Ancient Irish (London, 1873), ii, p.102-4 see
D A (Donegal Annual?) (1957), 115-6.
19.
“Cobhair” (cabhair) and “coir” are not at all the same.
It is of late that the two words are mixed up. True, a humorous
play was made of them before this with the saying (mana G.).
“generosity of the Gallaghers”. The principle trait that was
recognised by the ancients in the Gallaghers was “generosity”.
“Córtas” in Irish has a wide meaning: likeable, friendliness,
affability, generosity. It was Niall O’Donnell who gave me this
bit of information. See the name “Gallchobor” in the south of
Ireland: M. A. O’Brien, Corpus Genealogiarum Hiberniae
(Dublin 1962), i, 658.
20.
Hugh Deery, “Rambles in Drumholm” in this journal
(Donegal Annual) (1948) 1, 101. Aww “The Forgotten Fort”
Donegal Democrat, 24/9/1971. Fr. E. Hogan is incorrect
(Onamasticon
Gordelicum, 41), because this fort at Glasbuaile is close to
Ballilntra in Tir Hugh.
21.
Eunan, Vita Columbae, p. 1xii – 1xiii, 398, note
r.
22.
See note 17
23.
BM Add. MS 4797,
“Catalogue of the Bishops of Raphoe”, f. 48 regarding the Bishop
MacCarmacáin, it says here: “It was he that took Killwarrfine
from the McTemployes and gave it to the MacCleries….” The
MacTemplemoyes equates with the family of Toimilín O’Gallagher
who was established here. (See ARE, 5.a. 1436). Dr. Urr
Maguire (History of the Diocese of Raphoe, ii, 336), did
not recognise them. When Meanma MacCarmacain was bishop the
Gallaghers interfered with him greatly and often. (Gwynn,
op.cit, 198-201).
24.
See note 13.
25.
Gwynn, op.cit, 197-209: Fr. Colmcille, OCSO… “Abbey
Asseroe”, Fr. John Colgan OFM (editor T. O’Donnell, OFM)
p. 122-5.
26.
Op.cit, IBL May 1940, 1, 194.
27.
Analecta Hibernica,
8. Reprinted in an own edition of O’Cleary, Life of Red Hugh
O’Donnell (Dublin 1957), part two, p 157 – 203. See
“O’Cleary Genealogies” in Analecta Hibernica, 18, p. 5-14.
28.
*Life of Red Hugh O’Donnell II,
p. 160-1.
29.
Ibid.
p. 166-7, 170-1.
30.
It appears that the Four Masters are astray here and that
this reference to the death of the bishop concerns the year 1438
above. In 1450 the Bishop of Raphoe was alive and in the full
of his health i.e. Lochlann II O’Gallagher (1442-79). Usually
the successor of St. Eunan equates with the Bishop of Raphoe.
Therefore it is difficult to understand the second reference
here to the death of Donncha, the successor. For sure he was
not a bishop even though Dr. Urr Maguire (op.cit, I, 93) thought
he was. See W.H. Grattan Flood, “The Episcopal Succession of
Raphoe from 1200 to 1547, Irish Theological Quarterly,
vol xvi, no. 63, July 1921 p.259;Gwynn, op.cit, 197-8; Walsh, Irish Book Lover, xxvii, 3, May 1940 p.196; *Beatha Aodha
Ruaigh Ui Dhomnaill. J. Lynch, De Praesulibus Hibernicis,
editor O’Doherty (Dublin, 1944), i, 246: W. M. Brady, The
Episcopal Succession in England, Scotland and Ireland (Rome,
1976), i, 305; and the same for the other authorities like: Gams,
Eubel, Powicker and Fryde, Handbook of British Chronology,
etc. Fr. Paul Walsh (op.cit; 195) says that Donncha is not the
right name for the above man but Dónall, as it is in AU for the
year 1494 and that Dónall, son of Lochlann I was the man in
question here. All the analysts say that this Dónall died in
1527. Therefore who was this Donncha?
31.
See note 30 above.
